A. 劍橋版JOIN IN 1四年級UNIT 1 NUMBERS 集體備課教案
How New York Became America』 Largest City
In the 18th century New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston. Today it is the largest city in America. How can the change in its size and importance be explained?
To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography, history, and economics. Together these three will explain the huge growth of America』s most famous city.
The map of the Northeast shows that the four areas with the largest populations in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States, and the procts of the land are sent there for export across the sea.
We know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods. That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great instrial centers.
About 1815, when many Americans from the east had already moved toward the west, transportation routes from the seaports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time, usually draw by horses, were too expensive for moving
heavy freight very far. ①In New York a canal seemed the best answer to the transportation problem. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land. Here the Erie Canal was built. After several years of work it was completed in 1825.
The canal proced an immediate effect. Freight costs were cut to about one tenth of what they had been. New York City, which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast.
The coming of the railroads made canal shipping less important, but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country. It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.
Exports from New York were greater than imports. ②As a result, shipping companies made every effort to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe. And so passenger could come from Europe very cheaply.
Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of these people remained in the city. For these great numbers of new Americans New York had to provide homes, goods and other things. Their labor helped the city become grea
B. 誰有四年級數學集體備課記錄{一篇}：復制、自己寫的也可以。
四年級組數學集體備課方案的討論記錄
討論人: 崔玥 王雪琪 王康妮
記錄人： 崔玥王康妮
總結人： 崔玥
一、就集體備課的認識和感觸：
我們都是初步接觸集體備課，難免存在著一些問題和困惑，但隨著工作的完善，我想，那將會成為提高我們教師業務成長的有效策略。
首先，集體備課可以節省教師很多的時間，減輕了教師備課的壓力，可以提高教學效果。以往，教師獨立備課，有時會出現知識錯誤和思路狹窄，而且，花的時間多，任務重，壓力大。集體備課與教師獨立備課相比較，大大地縮短了教師用於備課的時間，減輕了教師忙於備課的壓力，使教師能充分准備教學資源，有足夠的時間去反思、創新課堂教學，擁有充沛旺盛的課堂教學精力，使教學效果更是顯著。
其次，集體備課使教師能資源共享，提高教學的質量，不斷地提高教師的教學水平。集體研討、教後反思的過程，既有利於教師的揚長避短，更有利於教師在高起點上發展。
再次，教師集體備課能很好地落實新課稱改要求，體現了「合作、探究、創新」和以人為本的精神，促進了教學相長，大力整合學校各科的教師資源，使教科研的氛圍在集體參與的行動與反思中逐步濃厚，使教學效果更顯著。
二、根據集體備課方案提出幾個切實的問題。
1、我們在集體備課前應做什麼准備？
2、我們備課是為誰而備？
3、集體備課的終級目標是什麼？
討論得出的答案：
1、備教具：多媒體課件
2、備教學流程
（1）創設情景、復習導入
（2）學習新課
（3）拓展引伸
（4）板書設計
三、根據集體備課需要做的具體工作討論記錄如下：
1、每一位教師在集體備課中都應當積極參與討論，發表自己的獨到見解，集思廣益。
2、每一位教師在集體備課的基礎上，要根據自己的教學風格、不同的教學對象，自己對教學理論、教學方法、教學內容的理解，在集體備課的基礎上，各人可依據本班實際情況做適當調整，進行二次備課，使教案具有個性化特徵。
3、自己可以在集體備課後的教案上認為主要的對方要有圈點、修改、補充、拓展和教後反思等記錄 ；
四、通過討論，確定本組教師在集體備課中盡量要做到以下幾點：
1、開展好每一次的集體備課討論會，任何人不得隨意請假或無故缺席，集體備課如與學校其他活動安排相沖突，集體備課時間由備課組長另作安排，改期進行。
2、每次集體備課備課組要作好考勤記載，按要求填寫好記載表。
3、集體備課中，各教師要積極參與，熱烈討論，集思廣益，加強交流，合作共進，充分發揮集體智慧的作用。
4、集體備課活動原則上每兩周進行一次，語、數具體活動時間為星星期二下午16：00開始進行。每次備好教案後，必須先交學科組長審閱合格後簽字，再經交教研負責人審查合格簽字，交教導處加蓋公章備案後方可使用。
5、每一次完成本課（或節或單元）的教學內容後，備課組長應安排統一的時間對這部分的教學內容進行統一監測，要求本組教師精心組織，閱卷後教師要對本班的試卷進行質量分析，如果某些知識點只有個別班級沒有落實，則自行解決，如果是大部分班級的問題，備課組長應組織本組教師再次討論，研究解決的方案（可補充一至二節課，組織專題，進行強化訓練）。
總之，集體備課能夠為教師提供快速、准確、互動、有效的教學方案。確保了學生的主體地位和全面發展，為教師間的互助、合作、交流提供了良好的平台，為教師高效教學提供了有力的保證，是教師貫徹實施新課標的良好途徑。
集體備課即是集思廣益，也是集中集體智慧，對某個單元、某篇課文及學生實際特點的剖析，掌握知識的重點、難點，掌握學生的生活實際。選擇良好的教法，因材施教，讓學生獲得全面發展。通過對上學期集體備課的活動，讓我們都受益匪淺，今後在我校的教研活動中，集體備課這一活動我也要大力提倡教師們開展，借鑒優秀學校的經驗，結合自己學校和班級的實際情況，讓老師們在集體備課這一活動中獲得教學經驗，以提升自己的教學水平。